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Another example is in the 19th-century English case of R v Dudley and Stephens, which tested a defence of “necessity”. Three crew members and Richard Parker, a 17-year-old cabin boy, have been stranded on a raft. They argued it was essential to kill the cabin boy to protect their own lives. Canon law (from Greek kanon, a ‘straight measuring rod, ruler’) is a set of ordinances and laws made by ecclesiastical authority , for the government of a Christian organisation or church and its members. It is the internal ecclesiastical law governing the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox church buildings, and the person national churches inside the Anglican Communion.

• However, for thus known as “strict liability” crimes, an actus reus is enough.
• In frequent law legal methods, selections by courts are explicitly acknowledged as “law” on equal footing